Magnetic Compass Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Magnetic Compass - Term Paper Example According to Discovery channel (2009) the magnetic compass is said to have originated from China in 221 to 206 BC during the Qin dynasty, at first lodestone which is a natural magnetic was used in the construct a fortune teller board, however it was noticed that the lodestone pointed at one direction, this led to the invention of the first compass that made on a square board, the pointer of the compass was a spoon shaped lodestone and 24 cardinal points were marked on the board. Prior to the discovery of the magnetic compass sea voyage navigation depended on the outer space bodies and the sun, the compass is said to have traveled to the middle east and then to Europe while it was still possible that there was independent discovery of the compass in Europe, it is evident that the compass arrived in Europe in the 12th Century AD. The magnetic compass was improved in 8th century AD it was discovered that by rubbing a needle on lodestone the needle would point in one direction; this led to an improvement in the compass whereby the compass was now made by floating the needle on water to point direction. However the needle would loss its magnetism and therefore sailors carried the lodestone to magnetize the needle in case the needle's magnetism weakened. After the discovery of the needle pointer compass these devices were used as navigation aids in ships, Discovery channel (2009) states tha... According to Lane(1963)the compass invention stimulated trade whereby there was an increase in the number of commercial sea voyages and also the possibility of navigation in all the months of the year. Before the invention of the magnetic compass sailors depended on the sun and other outer space bodies to navigate, this means that it was relatively impossible to locate direction during the winter months and when it was dark, foggy and rainy. However sailors would know directions by observing land marks and therefore traveled near the sight of land. Lane (1963) discuses the economic impact of the magnetic compass invention, one of notable impact of the invention is that Mediterranean sailors traveled in the months of October and April, the compass led to an increase in sea travel months and voyages were possible for the months February to December. This shows that there was an increase in the number of travels in seas and this possibly had an impact on the economy, one of the impact is that there was increased trade across nations, another impact is that there was an increase employment whereby increased traveled meant that employment increased as a result of the increase in the months ships could travel. Lane (1963) points out that the number of trips a ship could make doubled, the magnetic compass reduced risks of travel and also quickened the speed at which ships took to travel from one point to another, as a result trade was enhanced and crew members were more likely to be employed for a longer period of time. The compass was also used in the mining industry, the compass in this industry was used to guide miners through the underground tunnels constructed, and

Corporate Income Taxes - Tax-Planning Client Letter on Irrevocable Research Paper

Corporate Income Taxes - Tax-Planning Client Letter on Irrevocable Trusts, Gift Tax, and Estate Tax - Research Paper Example n this case, he will have estate and tax considerations as the part of the asset under irrevocable trust will not be reflected in his tax obligations. By removing a part of the estate from all incidents of ownership, my client will effectively remove them from his taxable estate, Hosseini (2013). Furthermore, the client will be relieved from tax obligations emanating from that part of asset under irrevocable trust. Though tax law differs among jurisdiction, the granter will not be exempted from the aforementioned tax relief if he remains the trustee of the trust. The fact surrounding this case is that the irrevocable trust has both drawbacks and benefits in equal measures. On the part of the disadvantages, the trust cannot be revoked, as the name suggest. In addition, it cannot be amended to accommodate other inclusions or exclusions. On the other hand, the granter is exempted from various tax burdens including estate and income taxes. These facts are significant for my client so as to make a sound decision. The issue in this legal matter is that the granter is interested in establishing an irrevocable trust in favor of his two grandchildren. In this case, his interest is two have the beneficially receive the income from the estate to be distributed to the two children until they are 20 years of age. In this case, they are interested in knowing the benefits and drawbacks of taking this particular choice or rather to learn of other available channels that can be used to address their interests. Rules and regulations governing estate tax in America are enshrined in the estate and gift act of 2001 together with a multiple amendment to the same. The Act provides that estates are subjected to taxation that is gazetted in the government press in a given period of time. In this case, the tax is payable by the person to which the estate in registered or the trustee, Frischmann (2008). This implies that my client, as the registered owner, is supposed to remit both the

How are human diets leading animals to extinction and polluting the Essay

How are human diets leading animals to extinction and polluting the environment - Essay Example Consequently, the environment has not been spared by this trend. Combined with the ever changing nature of human diets across the globe, the enormous demand for animals to meet human diet needs is increasingly leading to the extinction of animal species, alongside causing environmental pollution in the process. The social aspect of the global population is characterized by differentiated lifestyles, all of which account for some given form of diet practices. The coexistence of carnivores, vegans, and vegetarians has given rise to myriad human diets, all of which pressure the environment in one way or another. Demand for animal products is always rising, an aspect that continues to threaten the continuity of animal life. Over and above this, diet management has often being ignored by a significant proportion of the human race all over the world. In this respect, a critical component of human diets relies on animals, land, and most importantly the environment. This observation has trig gered the action and reaction of different people, agencies, and government across the globe. For instance, the sustainable development by Sheikh Zayed earned him the Gold Panda award (Todorova, 2011). A direct observation from this is that human activities, and especially diets, have had critical implications on both animal life and environmental welfare. Therefore, the situation needs to be managed by targeting influential factors such as human diet practices. While human diets continue to result in animal extinction and pollution of environment, it is fundamental to consider all the contributing factors to the observed scenario. Population growth around the world has continued to increase at an alarming rate, especially in less developed and developing countries. The implication of this trend has spread to the diet aspect and demand for food. Increase in the global population directly translates to an increase in the demand for food. The global population, having been comprised o f carnivores, vegans, and vegetarians, obtain its food from differentiated sources. In the process, both red and white meats have become a fundamental component of human diets across the globe (O'Sullivan, 2011). As a result, overfishing, excessive hunting, and killing of animals have been realized. Consequently, the environment has suffered immense pressure, thus lacking adequate time to regenerate for the purpose of sustaining global needs; human diets included. As much as human diets need to be changed and/or managed in favor of animal life and the environment, there is a critical need to manage the global population trend. As changes and shifts continue to be realized in regard to human diets, the issue of genetically modified (GM) food has emerged (Detrie, 2011). GM food continues to receive mixed reactions and actions from different people, agencies, and governments around the world. While some parties argue in favor of GM food, others remain against this kind of food. On the same note, there are some parties that continue to be indifferent about the GM food issue. Although, GM food is increasingly taking strong grounds in some countries, health and environmental concerns continue to pertinent issues that need to be addressed. On the same note, striking a balance between science, morals, and ethics has been a challenge in the implementation of GM food around the world (Malek, 2011). The reluctance and resistance facing GM food has

Corporate Income Taxes - Tax-Planning Client Letter on Irrevocable Research Paper

Corporate Income Taxes - Tax-Planning Client Letter on Irrevocable Trusts, Gift Tax, and Estate Tax - Research Paper Example n this case, he will have estate and tax considerations as the part of the asset under irrevocable trust will not be reflected in his tax obligations. By removing a part of the estate from all incidents of ownership, my client will effectively remove them from his taxable estate, Hosseini (2013). Furthermore, the client will be relieved from tax obligations emanating from that part of asset under irrevocable trust. Though tax law differs among jurisdiction, the granter will not be exempted from the aforementioned tax relief if he remains the trustee of the trust. The fact surrounding this case is that the irrevocable trust has both drawbacks and benefits in equal measures. On the part of the disadvantages, the trust cannot be revoked, as the name suggest. In addition, it cannot be amended to accommodate other inclusions or exclusions. On the other hand, the granter is exempted from various tax burdens including estate and income taxes. These facts are significant for my client so as to make a sound decision. The issue in this legal matter is that the granter is interested in establishing an irrevocable trust in favor of his two grandchildren. In this case, his interest is two have the beneficially receive the income from the estate to be distributed to the two children until they are 20 years of age. In this case, they are interested in knowing the benefits and drawbacks of taking this particular choice or rather to learn of other available channels that can be used to address their interests. Rules and regulations governing estate tax in America are enshrined in the estate and gift act of 2001 together with a multiple amendment to the same. The Act provides that estates are subjected to taxation that is gazetted in the government press in a given period of time. In this case, the tax is payable by the person to which the estate in registered or the trustee, Frischmann (2008). This implies that my client, as the registered owner, is supposed to remit both the

Dead Man in Deptford and Any Old Iron Essay Example for Free

Dead Man in Deptford and Any Old Iron Essay Using the extracts from Dead Man in Deptford and Any Old Iron, and the whole of A Clockwork Orange, discuss the effectiveness of Burgess wide and varied use of language and dialect. If I were to begin this essay with a foreign word, a phrase that had been obsolete for four hundred years, and a totally incoherent sentence, complete with fabricated slang terms, then the fair or foul reader (but wheres the difference) would probably dismiss it and I would receive an F. And yet I would be imitating the style of one of the twentieth centurys prolific and widely discussed authors: Anthony Burgess. In every novel that he has written, Burgess has displayed a love of, and an acute skill for, words and word-craft, which a blacksmith might display in his trade. As soon as I started to read A Clockwork Orange, I wanted to put it down again. In the second paragraph, I counted eighteen words that I did not understand, including such timeless gems as droog, rassoodocks and, my personal favourite, mozg. I was equally baffled when confronted with the two extracts. But I slavishly stuck to it (partly because of my rather demanding English master), mostly because I was personally intrigued as to what those terms meant. One soon realises that Burgess actually likes to do this it is his wordplay. But equally, it is also an integral part of the book; he adapts his style of language for a number of reasons Firstly, in order to complement the era within which his plot takes place. For instance, Dead Man in Deptford is full of extinct words such as simulacrum and inkhornisms, and further to this, it is written in the grammatical style of a sixteenth century playwright, with long and jumbled sentences such as You must suppose that I suppose a heap of happenings that I had no eye to eye knowledge of or concerning. And in A Clockwork Orange, there are many unknown words since the novel is set in the future, and presumably the language has evolved over time. Secondly, he includes certain words and phrases in order to set the scene and establish a certain ambience. An effective example is Alexs entrance into the treatment clinic in Chapter Three of Part two of A Clockwork Orange. Whereas before Alex has relied heavily on his invented words in his narration, here he only uses the basic words such as horrorshow. Instead he concentrates on the description of his surroundings, using the word white many times. The lack of slang contributes to this description and tells the reader what Alex is thinking at that moment. Here, for instance, he is wary of his new environment and not yet comfortable enough to use his familiar language. A third explanation for Burgess use of language lies in the variety of the various characters, in the novel and both extracts. This is where dialect and implied accent become very important. Any Old Iron provides a good example in Dai Williams. His speech does not really include unfamiliar words and phrases, but there is a huge difference in his style. Lets take the sentence, Back to it with your youth and your vigour and it is your shout now. Its length, enhanced by the use of and and the repetition of your, seems to imply the intonation and speed with which it should be read. There is a certain rhythm that cannot be avoided when reading it. In other words, it looks Welsh, and when read, it sounds Welsh. Examples in A Clockwork Orange where dialect is used to distinguish characters come at the end of Part One, where the starry old ptitsa uses swashbuckling and old-fashioned language, such as wretched little slummy bedbug. The several comic book villains in Alexs cell in prison also add some variety, and in this case, humour: Yeth, yeth, boyth, thatth fair. But the final explanation for Burgess wordplay is by far the most important: it influences the reader to think in a certain way. This is most prominent in A Clockwork Orange. In the first half of the novel every tolchock or kick that Alex makes is usually preceded by the word horrorshow, so that it is constantly drummed into the readers mind that what Alex is doing is good. In contrast, the description of violence in the second half of the novel, after Alexs treatment, lacks any poetry, elaborate slang, and therefore glorification. We see what Alex sees: pure, repulsive and undisguised violence. We feel what the narrator feels. This can be said of another part of A Clockwork Orange and a certain part of Dead Man in Deptford: wherever there is an argument leading up to a fight. In Dead Man the verbal jousting comes before a particularly large brawl, one that is described in a rapid and flowing manner, almost as a commentary. Marlowe enjoys what is happening, like Alex. But also like Alex, when Marlowe is describing violence later on in the novel (the executions), there is a complete lack of enjoyment and fancy wordplay. As a side note, there is one extra reason why our great philologist Mr Burgess uses such language and dialect. It is for the simple reason that it is vastly enjoyable, both for him and for the reader. In Clockwork and Dead Man, Burgess has had the opportunity to create words and styles that go against the rules of contemporary English (this is true of Dead Man because there are no records of how Elizabethan citizens spoke). At first this can prove to be extremely irritating and demanding, and the reader feels the need to reach for a dictionary after every sentence. It is particularly annoying because the reader knows that this is English, a language he or she should understand, and yet it is totally incomprehensible. But I personally enjoy immense satisfaction by simply reading the novel without help, and interpreting the words in my own time. It soon becomes easy and very rewarding.

A Fitness Center Where Every Body Benefits Marketing Essay

A Fitness Center Where Every Body Benefits Marketing Essay Entrepreneurship project that was assigned to us was to make a business plan of a new business venture. The report covers the core concepts that are involved in the making of and implementation of a new companys business plan. Identifying the opportunity and taking the initiative towards something novel and different, a new venture concept that I have decided is a fitness center. This report contains about the company, identification of the target market, strategies to penetrate in the target market segmenting it to different locations, the industry analysis, marketing plan and positioning of the company, effective pricing strategy, how to promote it to clients through different strategies of advertising and promotion, the operational plan for the early stages of the company and the financial factors that are major challenges for the company THE BUSINESS Our vision: To make BODYFIT a place where every body benefits. Mission statement: Your fitness is our priority. We strive to provide you a safe, healthy and secure fitness environment. where customers can achieve their fitness goals. Our professional, expert and qualified staff is committed to the highest level dedication that ensures the satisfaction of customers fitness with motivation and quality Opportunity (potential business): We are going to launch new company in Islamabad, Pakistan which is basically a fitness center/club. In Islamabad, there are already few companies that are providing such services like FIT n FLEX, METAFITNOSIS, and FITNESS FIRST, ULTIMATE GYM etc. so there is a room for a new fitness center to establish and capture the market and response. As we have recently seen this trend that people are becoming conscious day by day about their health and fitness and they want such a place where they can get fitness under proper guidance from professionals. So by setting up our fitness center we can cater the needs of our customers by providing unique services under one roof, and get our market share in health industry. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE Board of Directors: initially the board of directors will be the inside investors who providing with the necessary funding and investment to the company. Law firm: Accounting firm:KPMG Consulting firm: The management team is very crucial for any business success. Our team consists of dedicated members who strive to achieve the maximum benefit for the organization and its customers. Of them MD will play vital role in management by using his expertise and knowledge in the smooth and efficient running of the organization. He would have to oversee and control all the major departments of the company. COMPANY STRUCTURE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY The company would be established under the legal structure of: Private LTD Company. And the brand name would be protected through registering the company name so that it cannot be copied. As per requirement patents and copyrights would also be applied for. The company will consist of the following departments and their duties would be as follows:- Management department As our vision and mission statement, management departments aim is to translate vision and mission in strategic manner to achieve the targets and goals. As this department is the backbone of any organization. The managing Director (MD) will control the structure of the organization. Finance department To make the required statements and analysis such as Budgeting, Cash flow Profit and loss statement, Expense sheet, Project plan sheet, Financial analysis, Balance sheet etc HR department   Making necessary adjustments in terms of human resource such as training, hiring, recruiting, appraising, evaluating and compensation packages. Accounts department Updating accounts on the daily basis and giving reports to the management. Security department Providing safe environment to the customers and management. Maintenance department Making sure that every machinery and equipment is in place and up and running. Rules and regulations: Necessary rules and regulations will be laid down to for adherence to company policies to provide members a safe, enjoyable, healthy and comfortable experience. The members and guest would have to sign the required documents before using the fitness center facilities. And if some changes are made to the policies our members will be informed beforehand. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS As also mentioned above that recent trend of people becoming conscious day by day about their health and fitness concerns. So this is a very good opportunity for us to enter into and start a fitness center. As this market is still in its growing stage there is a high chance of earning profit by providing these services to our customers. for this we also conducted a SWOT analysis of our project which is as follows. SWOT analysis: Strengths: Friendly, safe and healthy environment. International standard equipments from USA. Professionally qualified and expert trainers. Diversified and flexible training program tailored for each customer. Separate timings for males and females, and Co facility for specific timings for couples only Weaknesses: Less space for future project extension. Limited number of members can be given membership due to less space. Lack of Experience in this industry. Threats: Established Competitor (FIT n FLEX, METAFITNOSIS) Higher than expected Cost. Contingencies. Legal and Security Issues. Opportunities: Market is still not saturated which provides incentives to expansion. Collaborate with well renowned fitness centers nationally and internationally. Market segmentation and Target market Marketing segmentation will be done on the basis of Geographical region City = Islamabad Area = E, F and G sectors In future we plan to open our branch in Bahria town. Demographic factors Age = from 12-45 and above Gender = male and female Occupation= no restriction in terms of occupation we would be targeting everyone who can afford. Psychographic Values and Life Style Achievers   Health conscious Sporty Party goers Stylish Identifying possible competitive advantages. As the Company is new in the market, with different features and attributes, so the management have identified that competitive advantage are its unique services, and good team. MARKETING PLAN Actually marketing plan consists of all those items that create and increase the demand of its product. PRODUCTS SERVICES GYM WORKOUT BODYBUILDING: COMBINED GYM. We would be providing our members with top notch international standard, the very latest and advanced equipment, that will guarantee a comfortable and effective exercise experience. A personal training program will also be offered to customers who require full attention from our expert trainers. State of the art Gym that will have around 90 plus machines. Consisting of:- 1-Light weight area.   2-Heavy Weight area for professional and extensive body building program. LADIES: A separate area for ladies consisting of the equipment specially for their purpose. exclusive state of the art Gym.   1-Light weight area Equipped with Biomechanical Machines. 2-Heavy Weight area (specifically for women) Equipped with Heavy Machines for professionals SWIM SCHOOL: Private classes would be available at any level for adults as well as children. Children must be at least 8 years old to participate in private lessons Our pool would be a rectangle shaped pool with sun beds, a mini island, rockeries, waterfall etc Temperature controlled water with standard filtering system. MASSAGE SERVICES:   we would also be providing massage services to our market. Our dedicated staff is eager to graciously pamper you from the moment you arrive, stressed, until you depart, refreshed and re-energized. PRICING The pricing strategy portion of the marketing plan involves determining how we will price our product or service; the price we charge has to be competitive but still allow us to make a reasonable profit. We would be charging different price depending on the package that the customer has opted for and the time period for which he/she wishes to join our fitness center. We set our prices by examining how much it costs us to produce the product or service and adding a fair price for the benefits that the client will enjoy. Place:- We have bought a land in F-9 park which is an ideal location for our business. The place and the surrounding and the atmosphere provided in our club is perfect for our customers as it will be away from the noisy and busy area of the city. PROMOTION:- Different mediums will be used to communicate to our market. The tools which we would be focusing on for launching our business would be advertising and public relation. Which will include. RADIO: The reason for choosing radio is because of its large mass appeal and secondly it is less costly compared to television advertisement. Newspaper and magazine Press relations:-Creating and placing news worthy information in the news media to attract attention to a person, product or service. Public affairs:-Building and maintaining national or local community relations is called public affairs. Public relations are used to promote products. We would be having our own website and company pages on social networking sites. To keep on informing our customers. OPERATIONS PLAN Operational plan includes the day to day activities of our business and how we would be working towards providing the services to the customers. as already mentioned before we are providing fitness services to our customers in terms of gym, swimming and massage facilities. We would be providing services ourselves and it wont be outsourced or contracted out to some other firm. The location of our business is in sector F-9 of Islamabad. As such we wont be requiring or needing a place to keep inventories as we primarily are providing services to our customers. However, we would be requiring some space for machinery that is out of order and for maintenance purposes. We at BODYFIT will ensure that our members get high quality satisfied services. We will be regularly asking our members for feedback and ways to improve our services. We will make sure that our equipment is in the best possible condition while maintenance will be done frequently. Rules and policies regarding the operations will be mentioned in the rules and regulations section which will be signed by each and every member before becoming a part of BODYFIT. FINANCIAL PLANS In order to start the business we would be requiring fairly large amount of investment. For that purpose we have decided to split the investment in terms of loans and equity. 60% of the funding required will be attained through bank loan and the rest 40% will be financed by equity that is through shareholders. Our main source of revenue will come in two ways. 60-70% of revenue will come through the monthly fees and membership fees from the customers. and remaining revenue will come from the consulting services that we will be giving in terms of personal training. Salaries of staff and trainers and rent are the two major expenses while depreciation is another significant cost that will increase as the company develops.   Purchasing of fitness medical and office equipment is expensive constant replacement will be needed to minimize depreciation costs and maintain a competitive edge.   In order to maintain steady gross margins salaries and advertising expenses are not likely to increase within the first two years of operation. The company would be frequently evaluating and assessing its financial postion interms of profit and loss statement, balance sheet and cash flow statements. And keep an eye on working capital so that the business is able to meet its short term financial obligations and smooth running of the business. The most important financial indicators are net increase in cash and net income. Net increase from cash will represent the relationship between net income and net cash from operating activities. The greater the increase is the better it is for the companys level of financial strength at that point in time.

Small Pox :: essays research papers

Smallpox has been one of the most dangerous and deadly curses’ ever placed on humankind. Even illnesses as terrible as the plague, cholera, and yellow fever have not had such a universal effect. Smallpox is a parasitic virus (a virus destructive to the host) called variola. It’s considered to be a â€Å"crowd disease†, spreading only through people and requiring a large densely populated area to survive. If the virus is cut off from new host bodies it dies out. Smallpox is spread by what is called â€Å"droplet infection.† â€Å"Droplets† refers to body fluid that escapes into the open air such as moisture does when you sneeze. The smallpox virus also remains active on a human corpse for up to three weeks and can be passed through the dead host to the living host that way and also through items such as blankets and clothing, which remain infected for up to one year. Patients affected with smallpox will generally begin to show symptoms 9-12 days after exposure. These symptoms begin with depression, fever, rigors, vomiting, headache, and backache. In several cases patients have become disoriented and/or delirious. In other cases a distinct rash will begin to form on face, hands and legs in this phase. All others with begin to notice the rash within a few days. Following the outbreak of the rash on the face, it begins to spread to the chest. Cuts that have formed on face and body begin to turn into blisters and eventually into scabs during the healing process. The virus may attack the eyes, lungs, throat, heart and/or liver and lead to death. The first recorded smallpox outbreak occurred in 1350 BC during the Egyptian-Hittite war. The illness was passed from Egyptian prisoners to the Hittite population affecting both soldiers and civilians. Although it wasn’t until the late 1600’s that people in Europe and Asia accidentally discovered that those infected with smallpox through a scratch on the skin, suffered from a less severe form of the disease than those who contracted it through the respiratory tract. In the early 1700’s doctors began to store samples of smallpox pus and scabs in jars. If an outbreak occurred the doctor would make a small cut in a person’s arm and smeared the pus into the wound. This process of intentionally infecting a person with the smallpox virus in order to make them immune to the disease in the future was called inoculation. Small Pox :: essays research papers Smallpox has been one of the most dangerous and deadly curses’ ever placed on humankind. Even illnesses as terrible as the plague, cholera, and yellow fever have not had such a universal effect. Smallpox is a parasitic virus (a virus destructive to the host) called variola. It’s considered to be a â€Å"crowd disease†, spreading only through people and requiring a large densely populated area to survive. If the virus is cut off from new host bodies it dies out. Smallpox is spread by what is called â€Å"droplet infection.† â€Å"Droplets† refers to body fluid that escapes into the open air such as moisture does when you sneeze. The smallpox virus also remains active on a human corpse for up to three weeks and can be passed through the dead host to the living host that way and also through items such as blankets and clothing, which remain infected for up to one year. Patients affected with smallpox will generally begin to show symptoms 9-12 days after exposure. These symptoms begin with depression, fever, rigors, vomiting, headache, and backache. In several cases patients have become disoriented and/or delirious. In other cases a distinct rash will begin to form on face, hands and legs in this phase. All others with begin to notice the rash within a few days. Following the outbreak of the rash on the face, it begins to spread to the chest. Cuts that have formed on face and body begin to turn into blisters and eventually into scabs during the healing process. The virus may attack the eyes, lungs, throat, heart and/or liver and lead to death. The first recorded smallpox outbreak occurred in 1350 BC during the Egyptian-Hittite war. The illness was passed from Egyptian prisoners to the Hittite population affecting both soldiers and civilians. Although it wasn’t until the late 1600’s that people in Europe and Asia accidentally discovered that those infected with smallpox through a scratch on the skin, suffered from a less severe form of the disease than those who contracted it through the respiratory tract. In the early 1700’s doctors began to store samples of smallpox pus and scabs in jars. If an outbreak occurred the doctor would make a small cut in a person’s arm and smeared the pus into the wound. This process of intentionally infecting a person with the smallpox virus in order to make them immune to the disease in the future was called inoculation.