The Government’s Spending Review 2010 :: American Government, Budgeting, Spending Plans

The Government’s Spending Review 2010 The way the government sets out its budget is through allocation of monies to different governmental departments. These departments then allocate monies for services such as, health, defence, welfare benefits etc. â€Å"The Spending Review is the way that the Government sets spending plans for each department over a period of several years† (Anon, 2010)[1]. On 20th October 2010, the Government announced substantial UK spending cuts with local authorities, police, defence and welfare budgets all reduced. As a result the Government intends to â€Å"cut  £81 bn from public spending over four years† (BBC, 2010)[2]. Up to 500,000 public sector jobs could go by 2014/15, as a result of the cuts programme, according to the Office for Budget Responsibility (HM Treasury, 2010)[3]. Over the last few years the gap between what the Government took in as income and what it had to borrow to spend on services grew significantly. The yearly gap between the Government’s income and what it spends is known as the ‘deficit’. In recent years this deficit has grown in size. The key outcome from the Spending Review 2010, was to set in train a process of cutting the deficit and to make it more manageable and affordable in the future years. The government intends to do this through, reduction in government spending, such as, savings from welfare reforms and increases in taxation, e.g. the increase in VAT to 20 percent in January 2011 (Williamson, 2010)[4]. In the UK the Government obtains its income mainly from taxation, National Insurance contributions and excise duties. Due to the recession which began in 2008, the Government’s income dropped, but Government spending continued to increase. The deficit last year (2009/10) was  £155 bn (Anon, 2010)[1]. This is the amount of additional money the Government had to borrow to be able to pay for its spending on governmental activities last year. Macroeconomics The UK Government is pinning its hopes in the growth of the British economy, to help increase its income from taxation and by reducing the size of the public sector. The Office for National Statistics (ONS,2010)[5], confirmed in its press release on 24th November 2010, that the â€Å"UK economy grew at 0.8% between July and September 2010†. The 0.8% figure represents a slow down from 1.2% in the second quarter, but is still better than had been expected in the summer (Grierson, 2010)[6].

Competitors of Honda

Japanese car are getting more and more popular in these few decades. In 2007, Japan turned into the world’s largest vehicle producer and became one of main players in international vehicle industry (Jeffrey Hays 2009). For instance, Honda, a well-known Japanese vehicle producer, it is also one of the best car sellers in Malaysia. Honda Malaysia Sdn Bhd was born in 15 November 2000 as a result of the formation of partnership between Honda Motor Co. Ltd. of Japan, DRB-HICOM Berhad and Oriental Holdings Berhad.It produces a wide range of product besides car, motorcycles, automobiles, power products (such as motorboats), aircraft engines (HondaJet), humanoid robot (ASIMO), fuel cell vehicles and solar films. The company promised to deliver highest customer satisfaction to Malaysians than his rivals and holds the principles: i) Respect for the Individual ii)The Three Joys (Soichiro Honda 1951) iii) Maintaining a global viewpoint, we are dedicated to supplying products of the highes t quality yet at a reasonable price for worldwide customer satisfaction.The three joys were presented by Soichiro Honda, it consists of joy of buying, joy of selling and joy of creating. The Joy of buying belongs to the happiness of customers who bought product from Honda. Honda wishes their customer will be glad for buying their product. The joy of selling belongs to the reseller of Honda’s product. Honda hopes the product they delivery is always in high quality which generates profit for the reseller. The last joy belongs to the engineer. Honda. It refers to the happiness of an engineer when he manufactures a product which is high quality and valuable to the society.The three joys became motto of Honda since that. Honda Malaysia also strongly emphasizes its slogan â€Å"The power of dream† which signifies turning dream to reality, a future with better technology and value. With a variety of car models, from the lower-priced City to the higher-priced Accord, Honda cou ld attracts people within all age groups and socioeconomic statuses. All potential buyers, regardless of their social class, represented Honda’s target market. Now, Honda Malaysia is in the top 5 brand which has the most car sale in Malaysia. It is the winner for Putra brand award-silver since 2010, became one the most valuable brand in Malaysia.Honda even is the highest in New Vehicle Sales Satisfaction for Malaysia Sales Satisfaction Index Study in 2011. Other achievements are Reader's Digest Trusted Brands, Asian Auto Fuel Efficiency Awards and etc. These dazzling performances above shows that Honda does try their best keep the promise made. On the other hand, Honda Malaysia does not like other businesses which only pay most concern on maximizing the profit from the public. As a member of the society, it contributes some of its profit to provide a better future for the next generation.For example, Honda dream fund was launched to provide aids to underprivileged students an d their families with a chance to fulfil their ambition. Meanwhile, Honda Malaysia is also putting great effort in preservation of the environment. It had launched a programme which aims to protect Sumatran rhinos from extinction. Business environment nowadays is changing rapidly In order to sustain a business, it is very important to understand the market place and competitors. For Honda Malaysia, Toyota and Perodua are two of the competitors in Malaysia.First, Toyota is a reputed Japanese vehicle manufacturer which is set up by Kiichiro Toyoda on 1953. It is also one of the world largest car makers in the world. It produces wide range of car such as Van, MPVs, 4WD and etc. Toyota came into Malaysia on 1982, at that time it is named as Sejati Motor (joint venture between UMW Corporation Sdn Bhd and Toyota Motor Corporation). On 1987, Sejati Motor changed its name to UMW Toyota . Sdn. Bhd. It stated its mission as: i) achieve customer-first philosophy by delighting customer and mana ge good relationship with business partner. i) Deliver world-class quality product that satisfies customer needs. iii) Contributes to society by preserving the environment and improve community services and etc. For Toyota, their slogan is â€Å"moving forward†, it means continuous improvement. Today, Toyota Malaysia is the third car brand with most market share. Toyota and Honda has a lot of similarity, not only in terms of the place they originate but in terms market position for their product. They both are producing passengers’ vehicle as their main product. Moreover, they both focus on medium five-seat car. The Toyota Vios was ranked no. for the best 30 selling car models on year to May 2012, 13846 units had sold (5. 9% market share). Meanwhile, Honda City was rank no. 18 with 1971 of units sold (0. 8% market share). Despite the mechanical aspect, both cars share similar feature. For example, Anti-lock braking system (ABS), dual airbags, body structure that reduce impact of crash and etc. In terms of specification, Honda City is more superior. However, Vios is 7 times more than City in sales volume. On the other hand, Toyota holds 17. 4% of market share in the first half of 2012 and Honda only gets 3. %. Why such a huge disparity does exist? It can be answer in two aspects. First, Toyota has cheaper selling price in general. Second, Toyota Malaysia was founded 13 years earlier than Honda. This would help Toyota get more loyal customer. Recently, both companies are putting more effort and attention in hybrid car. For example: Toyota Prius and Honda Civic Hybrid. Due to the awareness of people about environmental issues, this new market is growing robustly. Based on the market share report above, Toyota holds 13 % of the market share and 5% for Honda.In addition, statistical research made below shows that Toyota’s market share has a declining trend, it dropped from 18% to 13%. These data are showing the gap between Toyota and Honda in t erm of competiveness is getting smaller and smaller. The Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sdn Bhd( Perodua), the local car maker is one of the competitors of Honda Malaysia. It was established in 1993, a joint venture company between Malaysian and Japanese partners. UMW Corporation Sdn Bhd , the partners of Toyota Malaysia is also the largest shareholder of Perodua.Their slogan is â€Å"building car, people first. † In order words, they meant to be customer-centred. Currently, Perodua surpassed the first national car manufacturer of Malaysia- Proton Holding limited and gets the most market share. Their main product is small-sized car such as Viva and Myvi. The Myvi of Perodua is the bestselling car in Malaysia especially on the year to May 2012. As local car makers such as Perodua is younger compare to those foreign car makers. To protect these infant industries, government give protection to them.They get massive subsidies, tax cut in exportation and government impose higher tax ra te on foreign car. Thus, Malaysia are one the countries which has the expensive car price. These protections will go on until they are able to catch up those foreign competitors. So, these benefits do help Perodua a lot to be competitive. The main reason that Perodua is the competitor of Honda in Malaysia is the market share of cars in Malaysia, Perodua got the highest share in the market. As the figure shown, market share of Perodua in Malaysia is 35% year to august 2012.Honda holds 5% in the market although Honda’s automobile delivery higher quality of product than Perodua. According to the market research, the bestselling car model in Malaysia is Perodua Myvi, get share of 15. 7% in the market in year to May 2012, 36920 units was sold. As mentioned, Honda City gets 0. 8% of the market share. Due to the protection of goverment, Perodua is able to has a lower production cost. In order words, Perodua beats Honda in term of price. The selling price of Myvi start from RM 43,912 . 15  , but for Honda City, it strat from RM85980.City is nearly 2 times more expensive than Myvi. As Malaysia is still a developing country, its income per capita is about 9000++ USD. Hence, many youngsters would put local car brand as their first choice. As mentioned above, environment care is a critical issue now. People nowadays are more prefer hybrid car. So far, Honda had already introduced two hybrid cars model, Honda Civic Hybrid and Honda jazz Hybrid. In order to catch up the trend, Perodua started to develop their own hybrid car, Perodua Bezza. Perodua is showing their enthusiasm to become a world-class car maker.

Personality Characteristics Of Guards And Prisoners

Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (1973) were fascinated as to why people do bad things. Convinced the answer was attributed to bad environments corrupting good individuals, Haney et al. (1973) created a prison simulation to explore Zimbardo’s hypothesis that personality characteristics of guards and prisoners underlie aggressive behaviour in prisons. A newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers to participate in a two week study examining prison life, was used to recruit twenty-four participants, who were assigned randomly the role of prisoner or guard. Prisoners were arrested, referred to by identification numbers, dehumanised and made to wear identical clothing (nylon cap, a smock); whilst the guards wore khaki shirts and trousers and were given black sunglasses. Haney et al., (1973) told participants physical misconduct was prohibited; claiming this was the only direction participants were given regarding how they should behave. The SPE outcome had a profound effect on social psychology, influencing our understanding of the power of situations and role conformity. Days into the experiment, prisoners expressed severe anxiety and distress; whilst a third of guards relished in their authority, tormenting prisoners (Haney et al., 1973). Zimbardo concluded ordinary people became tormenters when placed in a situation giving them authority to do so; suggesting individuals readily conform to roles they are expected to play. Participants were so absorbed into their given roles thatShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Social Psychology1378 Words   |  6 PagesPhilip Zimbardo’s study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison. His research was conducted along with two of his graduate assistants by the name of Craig Haney and Curtis Banks. Their research was done in 1971. Zimbardo had selected a group of college students to perform the experiment on, half of the students were the â€Å"guards† where they woul d act and impersonate themselves as if they were actual guards in a prison. The other half of the students would be the â€Å"prisoners† where they were underRead MoreThe Ethics Of Science Based Medicine1618 Words   |  7 Pagespsychological effects 13 of becoming a prisoner or prison guard under the typical restraints and conditions of a regular 14 prison. The experiment was conducted at Stanford University from August 14–20, 1971, by a 15 team of researchers led by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo. This study was funded by 16 the U.S. Office of Naval Research for the results were of much interest to both the U.S. 17 Navy and Marine Corps as the causes of conflict between military guards and prisoners may be 18 able to be haltedRead MoreThe Psychological Debate Of Nature Versus Nurture- Is Behavior Influenced By Innate Drives That We Are Born With1660 Words   |  7 PagesFor decades, personality psychologists have heavily debated whether personality does determine behaviour and to what degree. This essay centres around the fundamental psychological debate of nature versus nurture- is behaviour influenced by innate drives that we are born with (traits) or the environment around us (situations)? In order to get a true understanding of this debate it is important to explicitly establish what the key terms in this question mean: Pervin (1994) -Personality is the complexRead MorePhilip Zimbardo s Father Of The Stanford Prison Experiment1168 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiment that revealed some important facts about human nature. This type of experiment had never been done before. The Stanford prison experiment was designed to find out â€Å"whether the brutality reported among guards in American prisons was due to the sadistic personalities of the guards or had more to do with the prison environment† (McLeod 1). Zimbardo was influenced by the Milgram experiment, which was a study of the power of the situation. He says that the Milgram experiment was focused on one-on-oneRead MoreQuiet Rage, By Stephen Zimbardo832 Words   |  4 PagesHow would you handle prison? Would you stay you, or would prison change you? Prison, its inmates, and its guards, have many harsh and unforg iving characteristics associated with them. The guards are cruel, and the inmates are frightening people who are often perceived as â€Å"crazy†. But why is this? In the summer of 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo, professor at Stanford University, set out to answer this question. In the documentary Quiet Rage, the story of Zimbardo’s prison experiment is retoldRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment , a Review.775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stanford Prison experiment, in my opinion is a remarkable experiment . It isn’t ethical in the least but the results that have emerged have exceeded even what Mr.Zimbardo set out to do. The aim of seeing whether people change their basic personalities , moralities , values when subjected to an external hostile environment has been successfully proven. My honest opinion is that , at that time in 1971 , it was rational enough to think about going out of the way to get an answer to a particularRead MoreJonathan Livingston Seagull, Siddhartha And One Day In The Life Of Ivan Denisovich1282 Words   |  6 Pages21071 Mr. Edgar English 8/21/17 The Importance of a Strong-Willed Personality as Presented in Jonathan Livingston Seagull, Siddhartha, and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich There comes a time in life where everyone will face difficult challenges and stumble over obstacles. Although these challenging moments can be overwhelming, certain characteristics make it easier to overcome and power through the hardships. A strong-willed attitude can turn challenges into enjoyable experiences. TheRead MoreAbu Ghraib : The Stanford Prison Experiment1149 Words   |  5 PagesGhraib and the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment. Though the guards in both situations were brutal to their captives, distinct differences lay in the severity of their actions. Abu Ghraib’s guards were much more vicious to their captives, and this can be attributed to the prejudices the guards felt against their captors, the environment, and the lack of training, compounded with a lack of accountability in the leadership. The prisoners in Abu Ghraib subjected to the torture of the 800th MP BrigadeRead MoreDo Good People Turn Evil?925 Words   |  4 PagesStudents were randomly assigned the roles of â€Å"Prisoner† and â€Å"Prison Guard†. His goal was to explore and examine the effects of putting good people in bad situations. The Stanford Prison Experiment would originally run for two weeks. However, Zimbardo terminated it prior to the expected end-date due to the fact that the students whom participated displayed abnormalities in their behavior. The â€Å"Prison Guards† developed a sadistic attitude towards the â€Å"Prisoners†, constantly harassing them by verbal meansRead MorePsychological Processes that May Be Involved in Obedience to Authority994 Words   |  4 Pagesour job. In 1950 Adorno expressed his beliefs that personality was a better explanation of obedience. Adorno believed that some people have an Authoritarian Personality, this means that they are likely to be obedient yet prejudiced. Adorno believed that your childhood experiences play a key role in the growth of an authoritarian personality. Individuals with this type of personality often have certain characteristics such as; rigid beliefs in conventional values, general

The History Analysis of Religious Festivals in Shakespeares Tragedy Hamlet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 809 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Literature Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? William Shakespeare was the prince of Denmark who wrote the tragedy of Hamlet as one of his most popular tragedies where he found many religious references in his book, which included the protestant and catholic. According to his poetic of Hamlet from religious point of his analysis, which is biblical, he argued out that Hamlet is rich in material of many kinds, which reflected most aspects of religious circumstances in religious era. Dutton (260) argues that the pieces of religious literature have great impact to the synopsis of Hamlet as he stressed that religious basics which are found in his tragedy creates the scheme, references and foretelling. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History Analysis of Religious Festivals in Shakespeares Tragedy Hamlet" essay for you Create order One of the first pieces of Christian proof showed that the viewers in Hamlet are the plan of agony. In this case, I am going to discuss various acts of the play based on the religious norms. In act one of the scenes is the Ghost who says that he is not in heaven and is not in hell and during the night, he is able to disappear and in the day light he is stuck in purgatory till he is punished for his sins. The first part of the guideline in the scene, Catholic Church is understood as the dwelling place where souls are taken when the body dies. He stresses out that purgatory is where the soul compensates for its sins, which had not been acknowledged through confession, and after then it can move to heaven. The part of purgatory may be seen not of any important idea to the play but with time, the analysis provides a proof to this doubts. The full impression of purgatory, which is neither in hell nor in heaven, brings a room for the Ghost to reappear as a spirit of the dead body. When ghost returns back to the real world, He passes information to his son that he did not die from natural causes that Claudius, who is the real brother to Ghost, killed him. Therefore, it is tr ue and reality that if Ghost did not make his reappearance into the real world, through Hamlet, then he would never have been found and the cause of his death would not have been revealed to the eyes of all in the play. It is clearly known that Shakespeare did not support any of the religious practices in the play; however, he obviously made a big treaty of religious studies. He uses the knowledge of his culture and religious beliefs to influence the responses of the audience who were the targeted group initially. This may be observed by viewing how he uses Elizabethansmisperception about the religion as he uses contradictory cultures to suggest replies based in the audiences mind and the implication of the Hamlets Christian understanding. During the era of Shakespeares Hamlet performance is when there were great confusions in the minds of Elizabethans. It is by then when they had revoked the rule of protestant and gained interest and familiarity with the Christianity beliefs of catholic faith that according to their belief the spirit of Hamlets father is in purgatory (Dutton 263). This puts across that he is not in the harm side but doing penance until the time that the foul crimes purified and sins are forgiven. According to Harrison (171), this is required because he was his sins made it difficult to enter direct into the heaven and they were too light for it to be laid in hell. The Elizabethans did not know this. Though conferring to the protestants faith that purgatory never existed and any ghost was viewed as evil. This was similar to Horatios scholarly concern that ghosts were strange acts. Due to confusions, not knowing that Hamlets father was a living Ghost, the Elizabethans audience would have supported Hamlet in his decision of being sure before killing Claudius, his uncle, who murdered his father. Shakespeare uses weaknesses of the audiences to convince their responses in the play. Marotti (276) showed that he also uses conflicting culture to control their reactions. His play was written in English. According to Danish tradition, the bloodshed of th e king requires revenge as the duty spoken that Hamlet was born to fulfill the revenge. However Christian audience murder once violated, it was there was no revenge as they viewed Judgment day was the best. It was also based on the beliefs to love for the enemies and therefore bloodshed conflicted with Christian views as their values guided them in moral ways. In conclusion, the religious beliefs in this play were distinct leading to different points of view. Works Cited Dutton, Richard. Hamlet after Q1: An Uncanny History of the Shakespearean Text. Shakespeare Studies 45 (2017): 259-267. Harrison, Keith. Shakespeare Shaping in Dogme 95 Films, and Bakhtins Theory of Tragedy. Shakespeare, Bakhtin, and Film. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017. 163-186. Marotti, Arthur F. Shakespeare and Early Modern Religion. Shakespeare Studies 45 (2017): 269-280.

The Expansion And Diversification Of The Total Make Up Of...

Introduction: Over the past two decades, the issue of diversity has gained growing share and momentum in the overall literature of postsecondary education. The expansion and diversification of the total make-up of students across US colleges and universities has brought about new dimensions to the pool of subjects tackled under the umbrella of diversity. Relevant studies show that the environment on campus have an impact on students’ learning outcome (Astin, 1984), their academic performance (Tieu et al, 2009) and sense of belonging and engagement (Thompson and Caseo 2012, Zuniga et al. 2005, Bowman 2012). Creating an inclusive climate that accommodate the diverse sociocultural orientations of students empowers the institution in the first place and provides one of the core causes of success. The catastrophic events of 9/11 and the political global dynamics brought Islam as faith, identity, and personal attitude into the front. The population of students identified as Muslims, who are becoming increasingly visible within the mosaics of American cultural tapestry, have been facing multiple challenges related to defining who they are, how they are being represented, and their views of the reality they live in. In this study, I will try to examine this community of students’ understanding of diversity as they relate their experiences. The broader questions driving the study: what are Muslim students’ perceptions of diversity; do they feel that the environment is receptive toShow MoreRelatedHistory, Development And Growth : The Starbucks Corporation4307 Words   |  18 PagesWest Coast and slowly expanding to the East Coast. The company began introducing coffee in wholesale to restaurants, universities, offices, airlines, hotels, shopping malls, department stores etc. In addition, the company joined hands with companies like Pepsi-Cola to sell bottled beverages such as Frappuccino’s and DoubleShot espresso drinks. Furthermore, the company partnered up with Kraft Foods, Inc. to sell ground coffee and whole coffee beans to merchandise stores (such as grocery stores). Read MoreStatement of Purpose4243 Words   |  17 Pagestoday. There after I joined .a.b.c†¦. college Barnala and did my graduation with Commerce. Completing my graduation I came through certain phases which led me to pursue management at PG level. Looking at the trend in the market, where there is a great competition in the economy, every qualified person dreams to pursue his career in the business, since it is one of the areas seeing unprecedent growth. So I appeared for MET and got admission in Punjabi university regional centre for IT and managementRead MoreRed Bull13142 Words   |  53 Pagescompetence or major competitive advantage) * Self-concept * Concern for public image * Concern for employees Red Bull’s mission statement does not talk about who their customers are. This may be reason why Red Bull targets athletes, students, professionals, clubbers, concert singers, etc. Whereas it talks about its product which is energy drink. They have not specified the geographical locations. Concern for growth and profitability is highlighted in their mission statement. Their philosophyRead MoreBpi Strategic Management Report11182 Words   |  45 Pagesdevelopment of markets and industries. II. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Philippine banks generate more than 18% from corporate banking and over 48% from investment banking and treasury,despite efforts to diversify into retail banking which contribute around 34% to total income. This is even lower than compared to 5 years ago, when retail banking accounted for 36%. The financial market is dominated by three banks, which are owned by large conglomerates. Combined they hold more than 60% of the retail banking marketRead MoreDell Marketing Strategy9923 Words   |  40 Pagesmany years the Dell Corporation has been the fastest growing entity in the computer industry and is considered a pioneer in direct marketing. With the Pc industry being such a unique industry with its super fast product life cycles and having to keep up with continuous innovation, it is one of the most difficult industries to maintain a competitive edge. From the beginning Dell has been focused on customer service by understanding the customer’s needs and providing the most effe ctive computing powerRead MoreFamous Amos12788 Words   |  52 Pagescookies and muffins that come in various flavors. Apart from that, it offers customized wrapping services at its specialty stores. Parallel with the goals of its parent company, Famous Amos is focused on achieving sustainable growth through the expansion of its operations. 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Since its foundation in 1984, Red Bull has made a significant expansion in international markets to over 161 countries and generated over 4.25 billion euros in turnover throughout the world employing 8,294 employees globally by end of 2011. According to, the trend of energy drinks has rapidly growing in a global market and growth faster than a big brand of soft drinks So, Red Bull has many excellent strategies and makes the competitive advantage branding in a global one. A thorough analysisRead MoreThe Chal lenges and Obstacles of Tqm Implementation in the Higher Education Institutions11985 Words   |  48 Pagese-TQM College Working Paper Series WP- 0102062007 The Challenges and obstacles of TQM Implementation in the Higher Education Institutions: The Case of Sharjah University in UAE Dr Abdel Moneim M. B. AHMED Bashar I. HAMDOON By WP-0102062007 1 The challenges and obstacles of TQM Implementation in the Higher Education Institutions: The Case of Sharjah University in UAE By Dr Ahmed and Hamdoon e-TQM College Working Paper Series WP- 0102062007 The Challenges and obstacles of TQM ImplementationRead MoreYale Case15625 Words   |  63 Pages9-812-062 OCTOBER 18, 2011 JOSH LERNER ANN LEAMON Yale University Investments Office: February 2011 â€Å"†¦anointing winners and losers on the basis of 12 months’ worth of performance is silly in the context of portfolios that are being managed with incredibly long time horizons.† — David F. Swensen, Chief Investment Officer, Yale University1 On a February afternoon in 2011, David Swensen, Chief Investment Officer of Yale University, stared out his window at the snow blanketing the city of New

Angels Demons Chapter 16-19 Free Essays

16 Hundreds of miles from CERN, a voice crackled through a walkie-talkie. â€Å"Okay, I’m in the hallway.† The technician monitoring the video screens pressed the button on his transmitter. We will write a custom essay sample on Angels Demons Chapter 16-19 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"You’re looking for camera #86. It’s supposed to be at the far end.† There was a long silence on the radio. The waiting technician broke a light sweat. Finally his radio clicked. â€Å"The camera isn’t here,† the voice said. â€Å"I can see where it was mounted, though. Somebody must have removed it.† The technician exhaled heavily. â€Å"Thanks. Hold on a second, will you?† Sighing, he redirected his attention to the bank of video screens in front of him. Huge portions of the complex were open to the public, and wireless cameras had gone missing before, usually stolen by visiting pranksters looking for souvenirs. But as soon as a camera left the facility and was out of range, the signal was lost, and the screen went blank. Perplexed, the technician gazed up at the monitor. A crystal clear image was still coming from camera #86. If the camera was stolen, he wondered, why are we still getting a signal? He knew, of course, there was only one explanation. The camera was still inside the complex, and someone had simply moved it. But who? And why? He studied the monitor a long moment. Finally he picked up his walkie-talkie. â€Å"Are there any closets in that stairwell? Any cupboards or dark alcoves?† The voice replying sounded confused. â€Å"No. Why?† The technician frowned. â€Å"Never mind. Thanks for your help.† He turned off his walkie-talkie and pursed his lips. Considering the small size of the video camera and the fact that it was wireless, the technician knew that camera #86 could be transmitting from just about anywhere within the heavily guarded compound – a densely packed collection of thirty-two separate buildings covering a half-mile radius. The only clue was that the camera seemed to have been placed somewhere dark. Of course, that wasn’t much help. The complex contained endless dark locations – maintenance closets, heating ducts, gardening sheds, bedroom wardrobes, even a labyrinth of underground tunnels. Camera #86 could take weeks to locate. But that’s the least of my problems, he thought. Despite the dilemma posed by the camera’s relocation, there was another far more unsettling matter at hand. The technician gazed up at the image the lost camera was transmitting. It was a stationary object. A modern-looking device like nothing the technician had ever seen. He studied the blinking electronic display at its base. Although the guard had undergone rigorous training preparing him for tense situations, he still sensed his pulse rising. He told himself not to panic. There had to be an explanation. The object appeared too small to be of significant danger. Then again, its presence inside the complex was troubling. Very troubling, indeed. Today of all days, he thought. Security was always a top priority for his employer, but today, more than any other day in the past twelve years, security was of the utmost importance. The technician stared at the object for a long time and sensed the rumblings of a distant gathering storm. Then, sweating, he dialed his superior. 17 Not many children could say they remembered the day they met their father, but Vittoria Vetra could. She was eight years old, living where she always had, Orfanotrofio di Siena, a Catholic orphanage near Florence, deserted by parents she never knew. It was raining that day. The nuns had called for her twice to come to dinner, but as always she pretended not to hear. She lay outside in the courtyard, staring up at the raindrops†¦ feeling them hit her body†¦ trying to guess where one would land next. The nuns called again, threatening that pneumonia might make an insufferably headstrong child a lot less curious about nature. I can’t hear you, Vittoria thought. She was soaked to the bone when the young priest came out to get her. She didn’t know him. He was new there. Vittoria waited for him to grab her and drag her back inside. But he didn’t. Instead, to her wonder, he lay down beside her, soaking his robes in a puddle. â€Å"They say you ask a lot of questions,† the young man said. Vittoria scowled. â€Å"Are questions bad?† He laughed. â€Å"Guess they were right.† â€Å"What are you doing out here?† â€Å"Same thing you’re doing†¦ wondering why raindrops fall.† â€Å"I’m not wondering why they fall! I already know!† The priest gave her an astonished look. â€Å"You do?† â€Å"Sister Francisca says raindrops are angels’ tears coming down to wash away our sins.† â€Å"Wow!† he said, sounding amazed. â€Å"So that explains it.† â€Å"No it doesn’t!† the girl fired back. â€Å"Raindrops fall because everything falls! Everything falls! Not just rain!† The priest scratched his head, looking perplexed. â€Å"You know, young lady, you’re right. Everything does fall. It must be gravity.† â€Å"It must be what?† He gave her an astonished look. â€Å"You haven’t heard of gravity?† â€Å"No.† The priest shrugged sadly. â€Å"Too bad. Gravity answers a lot of questions.† Vittoria sat up. â€Å"What’s gravity?† she demanded. â€Å"Tell me!† The priest gave her a wink. â€Å"What do you say I tell you over dinner.† The young priest was Leonardo Vetra. Although he had been an award-winning physics student while in university, he’d heard another call and gone into the seminary. Leonardo and Vittoria became unlikely best friends in the lonely world of nuns and regulations. Vittoria made Leonardo laugh, and he took her under his wing, teaching her that beautiful things like rainbows and the rivers had many explanations. He told her about light, planets, stars, and all of nature through the eyes of both God and science. Vittoria’s innate intellect and curiosity made her a captivating student. Leonardo protected her like a daughter. Vittoria was happy too. She had never known the joy of having a father. When every other adult answered her questions with a slap on the wrist, Leonardo spent hours showing her books. He even asked what her ideas were. Vittoria prayed Leonardo would stay with her forever. Then one day, her worst nightmare came true. Father Leonardo told her he was leaving the orphanage. â€Å"I’m moving to Switzerland,† Leonardo said. â€Å"I have a grant to study physics at the University of Geneva.† â€Å"Physics?† Vittoria cried. â€Å"I thought you loved God!† â€Å"I do, very much. Which is why I want to study his divine rules. The laws of physics are the canvas God laid down on which to paint his masterpiece.† Vittoria was devastated. But Father Leonardo had some other news. He told Vittoria he had spoken to his superiors, and they said it was okay if Father Leonardo adopted her. â€Å"Would you like me to adopt you?† Leonardo asked. â€Å"What’s adopt mean?† Vittoria said. Father Leonardo told her. Vittoria hugged him for five minutes, crying tears of joy. â€Å"Oh yes! Yes!† Leonardo told her he had to leave for a while and get their new home settled in Switzerland, but he promised to send for her in six months. It was the longest wait of Vittoria’s life, but Leonardo kept his word. Five days before her ninth birthday, Vittoria moved to Geneva. She attended Geneva International School during the day and learned from her father at night. Three years later Leonardo Vetra was hired by CERN. Vittoria and Leonardo relocated to a wonderland the likes of which the young Vittoria had never imagined. Vittoria Vetra’s body felt numb as she strode down the LHC tunnel. She saw her muted reflection in the LHC and sensed her father’s absence. Normally she existed in a state of deep calm, in harmony with the world around her. But now, very suddenly, nothing made sense. The last three hours had been a blur. It had been 10 A.M. in the Balearic Islands when Kohler’s call came through. Your father has been murdered. Come home immediately. Despite the sweltering heat on the deck of the dive boat, the words had chilled her to the bone, Kohler’s emotionless tone hurting as much as the news. Now she had returned home. But home to what? CERN, her world since she was twelve, seemed suddenly foreign. Her father, the man who had made it magical, was gone. Deep breaths, she told herself, but she couldn’t calm her mind. The questions circled faster and faster. Who killed her father? And why? Who was this American â€Å"specialist†? Why was Kohler insisting on seeing the lab? Kohler had said there was evidence that her father’s murder was related to the current project. What evidence? Nobody knew what we were working on! And even if someone found out, why would they kill him? As she moved down the LHC tunnel toward her father’s lab, Vittoria realized she was about to unveil her father’s greatest achievement without him there. She had pictured this moment much differently. She had imagined her father calling CERN’s top scientists to his lab, showing them his discovery, watching their awestruck faces. Then he would beam with fatherly pride as he explained to them how it had been one of Vittoria’s ideas that had helped him make the project a reality†¦ that his daughter had been integral in his breakthrough. Vittoria felt a lump in her throat. My father and I were supposed to share this moment together. But here she was alone. No colleagues. No happy faces. Just an American stranger and Maximilian Kohler. Maximilian Kohler. Der Konig. Even as a child, Vittoria had disliked the man. Although she eventually came to respect his potent intellect, his icy demeanor always seemed inhuman, the exact antithesis of her father’s warmth. Kohler pursued science for its immaculate logic†¦ her father for its spiritual wonder. And yet oddly there had always seemed to be an unspoken respect between the two men. Genius, someone had once explained to her, accepts genius unconditionally. Genius, she thought. My father†¦ Dad. Dead. The entry to Leonardo Vetra’s lab was a long sterile hallway paved entirely in white tile. Langdon felt like he was entering some kind of underground insane asylum. Lining the corridor were dozens of framed, black-and-white images. Although Langdon had made a career of studying images, these were entirely alien to him. They looked like chaotic negatives of random streaks and spirals. Modern art? he mused. Jackson Pollock on amphetamines? â€Å"Scatter plots,† Vittoria said, apparently noting Langdon’s interest. â€Å"Computer representations of particle collisions. That’s the Z-particle,† she said, pointing to a faint track that was almost invisible in the confusion. â€Å"My father discovered it five years ago. Pure energy – no mass at all. It may well be the smallest building block in nature. Matter is nothing but trapped energy.† Matter is energy? Langdon cocked his head. Sounds pretty Zen. He gazed at the tiny streak in the photograph and wondered what his buddies in the Harvard physics department would say when he told them he’d spent the weekend hanging out in a Large Hadron Collider admiring Z-particles. â€Å"Vittoria,† Kohler said, as they approached the lab’s imposing steel door, â€Å"I should mention that I came down here this morning looking for your father.† Vittoria flushed slightly. â€Å"You did?† â€Å"Yes. And imagine my surprise when I discovered he had replaced CERN’s standard keypad security with something else.† Kohler motioned to an intricate electronic device mounted beside the door. â€Å"I apologize,† she said. â€Å"You know how he was about privacy. He didn’t want anyone but the two of us to have access.† Kohler said, â€Å"Fine. Open the door.† Vittoria stood a long moment. Then, pulling a deep breath, she walked to the mechanism on the wall. Langdon was in no way prepared for what happened next. Vittoria stepped up to the device and carefully aligned her right eye with a protruding lens that looked like a telescope. Then she pressed a button. Inside the machine, something clicked. A shaft of light oscillated back and forth, scanning her eyeball like a copy machine. â€Å"It’s a retina scan,† she said. â€Å"Infallible security. Authorized for two retina patterns only. Mine and my father’s.† Robert Langdon stood in horrified revelation. The image of Leonardo Vetra came back in grisly detail – the bloody face, the solitary hazel eye staring back, and the empty eye socket. He tried to reject the obvious truth, but then he saw it†¦ beneath the scanner on the white tile floor†¦ faint droplets of crimson. Dried blood. Vittoria, thankfully, did not notice. The steel door slid open and she walked through. Kohler fixed Langdon with an adamant stare. His message was clear: As I told you†¦ the missing eye serves a higher purpose. 18 The woman’s hands were tied, her wrists now purple and swollen from chafing. The mahogany-skinned Hassassin lay beside her, spent, admiring his naked prize. He wondered if her current slumber was just a deception, a pathetic attempt to avoid further service to him. He did not care. He had reaped sufficient reward. Sated, he sat up in bed. In his country women were possessions. Weak. Tools of pleasure. Chattel to be traded like livestock. And they understood their place. But here, in Europe, women feigned a strength and independence that both amused and excited him. Forcing them into physical submission was a gratification he always enjoyed. Now, despite the contentment in his loins, the Hassassin sensed another appetite growing within him. He had killed last night, killed and mutilated, and for him killing was like heroin†¦ each encounter satisfying only temporarily before increasing his longing for more. The exhilaration had worn off. The craving had returned. He studied the sleeping woman beside him. Running his palm across her neck, he felt aroused with the knowledge that he could end her life in an instant. What would it matter? She was subhuman, a vehicle only of pleasure and service. His strong fingers encircled her throat, savoring her delicate pulse. Then, fighting desire, he removed his hand. There was work to do. Service to a higher cause than his own desire. As he got out of bed, he reveled in the honor of the job before him. He still could not fathom the influence of this man named Janus and the ancient brotherhood he commanded. Wondrously, the brotherhood had chosen him. Somehow they had learned of his loathing†¦ and of his skills. How, he would never know. Their roots reach wide. Now they had bestowed on him the ultimate honor. He would be their hands and their voice. Their assassin and their messenger. The one his people knew as Malak al-haq – the Angel of Truth. 19 Vetra’s lab was wildly futuristic. Stark white and bounded on all sides by computers and specialized electronic equipment, it looked like some sort of operating room. Langdon wondered what secrets this place could possibly hold to justify cutting out someone’s eye to gain entrance. Kohler looked uneasy as they entered, his eyes seeming to dart about for signs of an intruder. But the lab was deserted. Vittoria moved slowly too†¦ as if the lab felt unknown without her father there. Langdon’s gaze landed immediately in the center of the room, where a series of short pillars rose from the floor. Like a miniature Stonehenge, a dozen or so columns of polished steel stood in a circle in the middle of the room. The pillars were about three feet tall, reminding Langdon of museum displays for valuable gems. These pillars, however, were clearly not for precious stones. Each supported a thick, transparent canister about the size of a tennis ball can. They appeared empty. Kohler eyed the canisters, looking puzzled. He apparently decided to ignore them for the time being. He turned to Vittoria. â€Å"Has anything been stolen?† â€Å"Stolen? How?† she argued. â€Å"The retina scan only allows entry to us.† â€Å"Just look around.† Vittoria sighed and surveyed the room for a few moments. She shrugged. â€Å"Everything looks as my father always leaves it. Ordered chaos.† Langdon sensed Kohler weighing his options, as if wondering how far to push Vittoria†¦ how much to tell her. Apparently he decided to leave it for the moment. Moving his wheelchair toward the center of the room, he surveyed the mysterious cluster of seemingly empty canisters. â€Å"Secrets,† Kohler finally said, â€Å"are a luxury we can no longer afford.† Vittoria nodded in acquiescence, looking suddenly emotional, as if being here brought with it a torrent of memories. Give her a minute, Langdon thought. As though preparing for what she was about to reveal, Vittoria closed her eyes and breathed. Then she breathed again. And again. And again†¦ Langdon watched her, suddenly concerned. Is she okay? He glanced at Kohler, who appeared unfazed, apparently having seen this ritual before. Ten seconds passed before Vittoria opened her eyes. Langdon could not believe the metamorphosis. Vittoria Vetra had been transformed. Her full lips were lax, her shoulders down, and her eyes soft and assenting. It was as though she had realigned every muscle in her body to accept the situation. The resentful fire and personal anguish had been quelled somehow beneath a deeper, watery cool. â€Å"Where to begin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she said, her accent unruffled. â€Å"At the beginning,† Kohler said. â€Å"Tell us about your father’s experiment.† â€Å"Rectifying science with religion has been my father’s life dream,† Vittoria said. â€Å"He hoped to prove that science and religion are two totally compatible fields – two different approaches to finding the same truth.† She paused as if unable to believe what she was about to say. â€Å"And recently†¦ he conceived of a way to do that.† Kohler said nothing. â€Å"He devised an experiment, one he hoped would settle one of the most bitter conflicts in the history of science and religion.† Langdon wondered which conflict she could mean. There were so many. â€Å"Creationism,† Vittoria declared. â€Å"The battle over how the universe came to be.† Oh, Langdon thought. The debate. â€Å"The Bible, of course, states that God created the universe,† she explained. â€Å"God said, ‘Let there be light,’ and everything we see appeared out of a vast emptiness. Unfortunately, one of the fundamental laws of physics states that matter cannot be created out of nothing.† Langdon had read about this stalemate. The idea that God allegedly created â€Å"something from nothing† was totally contrary to accepted laws of modern physics and therefore, scientists claimed, Genesis was scientifically absurd. â€Å"Mr. Langdon,† Vittoria said, turning, â€Å"I assume you are familiar with the Big Bang Theory?† Langdon shrugged. â€Å"More or less.† The Big Bang, he knew, was the scientifically accepted model for the creation of the universe. He didn’t really understand it, but according to the theory, a single point of intensely focused energy erupted in a cataclysmic explosion, expanding outward to form the universe. Or something like that. Vittoria continued. â€Å"When the Catholic Church first proposed the Big Bang Theory in 1927, the – â€Å" â€Å"I’m sorry?† Langdon interrupted, before he could stop himself. â€Å"You say the Big Bang was a Catholic idea?† Vittoria looked surprised by his question â€Å"Of course. Proposed by a Catholic monk, Georges Lematre in 1927.† â€Å"But, I thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he hesitated. â€Å"Wasn’t the Big Bang proposed by Harvard astronomer Edwin Hubble?† Kohler glowered. â€Å"Again, American scientific arrogance. Hubble published in 1929, two years after Lematre.† Langdon scowled. It’s called the Hubble Telescope, sir – I’ve never heard of any Lematre Telescope! â€Å"Mr. Kohler is right,† Vittoria said, â€Å"the idea belonged to Lematre. Hubble only confirmed it by gathering the hard evidence that proved the Big Bang was scientifically probable.† â€Å"Oh,† Langdon said, wondering if the Hubble-fanatics in the Harvard Astronomy Department ever mentioned Lematre in their lectures. â€Å"When Lematre first proposed the Big Bang Theory,† Vittoria continued, â€Å"scientists claimed it was utterly ridiculous. Matter, science said, could not be created out of nothing. So, when Hubble shocked the world by scientifically proving the Big Bang was accurate, the church claimed victory, heralding this as proof that the Bible was scientifically accurate. The divine truth.† Langdon nodded, focusing intently now. â€Å"Of course scientists did not appreciate having their discoveries used by the church to promote religion, so they immediately mathematicized the Big Bang Theory, removed all religious overtones, and claimed it as their own. Unfortunately for science, however, their equations, even today, have one serious deficiency that the church likes to point out.† Kohler grunted. â€Å"The singularity.† He spoke the word as if it were the bane of his existence. â€Å"Yes, the singularity,† Vittoria said. â€Å"The exact moment of creation. Time zero.† She looked at Langdon. â€Å"Even today, science cannot grasp the initial moment of creation. Our equations explain the early universe quite effectively, but as we move back in time, approaching time zero, suddenly our mathematics disintegrates, and everything becomes meaningless.† â€Å"Correct,† Kohler said, his voice edgy, â€Å"and the church holds up this deficiency as proof of God’s miraculous involvement. Come to your point.† Vittoria’s expression became distant. â€Å"My point is that my father had always believed in God’s involvement in the Big Bang. Even though science was unable to comprehend the divine moment of creation, he believed someday it would.† She motioned sadly to a laser-printed memo tacked over her father’s work area. â€Å"My dad used to wave that in my face every time I had doubts.† Langdon read the message: Science and religion are not at odds. Science is simply too young to understand. â€Å"My dad wanted to bring science to a higher level,† Vittoria said, â€Å"where science supported the concept of God.† She ran a hand through her long hair, looking melancholy. â€Å"He set out to do something no scientist had ever thought to do. Something that no one has ever had the technology to do.† She paused, as though uncertain how to speak the next words. â€Å"He designed an experiment to prove Genesis was possible.† Prove Genesis? Langdon wondered. Let there be light? Matter from nothing? Kohler’s dead gaze bore across the room. â€Å"I beg your pardon?† â€Å"My father created a universe†¦ from nothing at all.† Kohler snapped his head around. â€Å"What!† â€Å"Better said, he recreated the Big Bang.† Kohler looked ready to jump to his feet. Langdon was officially lost. Creating a universe? Recreating the Big Bang? â€Å"It was done on a much smaller scale, of course,† Vittoria said, talking faster now. â€Å"The process was remarkably simple. He accelerated two ultrathin particle beams in opposite directions around the accelerator tube. The two beams collided head-on at enormous speeds, driving into one another and compressing all their energy into a single pinpoint. He achieved extreme energy densities.† She started rattling off a stream of units, and the director’s eyes grew wider. Langdon tried to keep up. So Leonardo Vetra was simulating the compressed point of energy from which the universe supposedly sprang. â€Å"The result,† Vittoria said, â€Å"was nothing short of wondrous. When it is published, it will shake the very foundation of modern physics.† She spoke slowly now, as though savoring the immensity of her news. â€Å"Without warning, inside the accelerator tube, at this point of highly focused energy, particles of matter began appearing out of nowhere.† Kohler made no reaction. He simply stared. â€Å"Matter,† Vittoria repeated. â€Å"Blossoming out of nothing. An incredible display of subatomic fireworks. A miniature universe springing to life. He proved not only that matter can be created from nothing, but that the Big Bang and Genesis can be explained simply by accepting the presence of an enormous source of energy.† â€Å"You mean God?† Kohler demanded. â€Å"God, Buddha, The Force, Yahweh, the singularity, the unicity point – call it whatever you like – the result is the same. Science and religion support the same truth – pure energy is the father of creation.† When Kohler finally spoke, his voice was somber. â€Å"Vittoria, you have me at a loss. It sounds like you’re telling me your father created matter†¦ out of nothing?† â€Å"Yes.† Vittoria motioned to the canisters. â€Å"And there is the proof. In those canisters are specimens of the matter he created.† Kohler coughed and moved toward the canisters like a wary animal circling something he instinctively sensed was wrong. â€Å"I’ve obviously missed something,† he said. â€Å"How do you expect anyone to believe these canisters contain particles of matter your father actually created? They could be particles from anywhere at all.† â€Å"Actually,† Vittoria said, sounding confident, â€Å"they couldn’t. These particles are unique. They are a type of matter that does not exist anywhere on earth†¦ hence they had to be created.† Kohler’s expression darkened. â€Å"Vittoria, what do you mean a certain type of matter? There is only one type of matter, and it – † Kohler stopped short. Vittoria’s expression was triumphant. â€Å"You’ve lectured on it yourself, director. The universe contains two kinds of matter. Scientific fact.† Vittoria turned to Langdon. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, what does the Bible say about the Creation? What did God create?† Langdon felt awkward, not sure what this had to do with anything. â€Å"Um, God created†¦ light and dark, heaven and hell – â€Å" â€Å"Exactly,† Vittoria said. â€Å"He created everything in opposites. Symmetry. Perfect balance.† She turned back to Kohler. â€Å"Director, science claims the same thing as religion, that the Big Bang created everything in the universe with an opposite.† â€Å"Including matter itself,† Kohler whispered, as if to himself. Vittoria nodded. â€Å"And when my father ran his experiment, sure enough, two kinds of matter appeared.† Langdon wondered what this meant. Leonardo Vetra created matter’s opposite? Kohler looked angry. â€Å"The substance you’re referring to only exists elsewhere in the universe. Certainly not on earth. And possibly not even in our galaxy!† â€Å"Exactly,† Vittoria replied, â€Å"which is proof that the particles in these canisters had to be created.† Kohler’s face hardened. â€Å"Vittoria, surely you can’t be saying those canisters contain actual specimens?† â€Å"I am.† She gazed proudly at the canisters. â€Å"Director, you are looking at the world’s first specimens of antimatter.† How to cite Angels Demons Chapter 16-19, Essay examples

Space Exploration (900 words) Essay Example For Students

Space Exploration (900 words) Essay Space ExplorationSpace ExplorationSince the beginning of time, man has beenfascinated with the stars and sky. From the time the first man tookhis first step on the moon, space exploration has been growing and expanding. More and more people are coming up with new ways on how to study the universe. Hence, the more time spent on studying the sky, the more that we will obviouslyknow. So, it would be safe to say that now is a great time to continuethe exploration of space. The 1990s contributed to the study ofspace with new technology, intelligent astronauts, and future ideas. During the 1990s new technology and spacecrafts were introduced. There have been numerous space launches throughoutthis decade that made great impacts on the exploration of space. For example, On June 26, 1995, the Space Shuttle Atlantis embarked ona rendezvous with Russian space station Mir during a ten day mission onSTS-71 (Shipman 65). Cosmonauts were transferred to and fromAtlantis, and Astronaut Norman Thagard was returned from Mir, having arrivedon Soyuz-TM 21, and made a new American space endurance record of 115 days. This was huge for the astronomical community because of the increase inthe length of space voyages. Also, On December 7, 1995, the Galileospacecraft arrived at Jupiter, performing an orbit while dropping a probeinto the atmosphere, and put a satellite into orbit, which will spent thenext two years orbiting the planet (Shipman 72). This wasimportant because it spent a significant amount of time researching theatmosphere and celestial bodies. It was able to make numerous observationsduring this time. Lastly, NASA launched the first in the Discoveryseries of spacecraft, the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft,aboard a Delta II-7925-8 rocket on February 17, 1996 (Shipman 85). This rocket explored the asteroids nearest the earth and discovered manyinteresting facts regarding them. However, this couldnt all be accomplishedwithout the help of many talented people. Many astronauts contributed to space exploration. Since there are numerous people that offered their talents to the program,it would be arduous to mention them all. Thus, only four importantexamples will be given of people that work for the space program. The first is James P. Bagian. James is a member of the AerospaceMedicine Association, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, andthe Society of NASA Flight Surgeons. He worked as a flight surgeonand medical officer at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, a NASA astronaut,and an Astronaut Office Coordinator. Under this title, he plannedemergency medical and rescue support for the first six shuttle flights. He has spent a total of 337 hours in space and served on the Crew of STS-40Spacelab Life Sciences, which is the first dedicated life sciences mission. (Jasani 113). Another famous astronaut is Tamara E. Jenigan. She participated in the American Astronomical Association. Even thoughher experience isnt as vast as James, she still contributed in her ownway. She served as a research scientist in the Theoretical StudiesBranch and performed software verification and spacecraft communication. She was the Deputy Chief of Astronaut Office and Assistant for the Stationto the Chief of the Astronaut Office. She also embarked on many spaceflights on the Space Shuttle Colombia and the S.S. Endeavour. (Jasani234). Phillippe Perin, another NASA astronaut of the 1990s, didmany exciting things as well. He participated in 26 combat missions,and completed more than 2500 flying hours in space. He had technicalduties in the Astronaut Office Spacecraft Systems/Operations Branch. .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 , .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 .postImageUrl , .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 , .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478:hover , .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478:visited , .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478:active { border:0!important; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478:active , .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478 .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21262f5440bfe6d617d1c15f6222f478:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biblical analysis on genesis and exodus EssayAnd, on top of all of this, he was a mission specialist. (Jasani265). The last astronaut mentioned is Jeffrey N. Williams. He participated in many organization, however his most recognized is theSociety of Experimental Test Pilots. He also partook in many armyassignments including being an aeroscout platoon leader. He was involvedin the shuttle launch and landing operations and was an engineer pilotin the Shuttle Avionics Integration Lab. Also, he was named the Chiefof the Operations Development Office. This led to his involvementin the technical duties in the Astronaut Office Spacecraft System/OperationsBranch. And, it was these people that came up with ideas for thefuture. (Jasani 288). The 1990s brought about many future ideas. While there are many different organizations that contribute to the futuretechnology of space, NASA probably does the most. Under thisorganization, the Advanced Space Transportation Program supports the long-rangebasic research. This consists of airframe propulsion and long-termspace transportation research. They have put forth many ideas. One example of this is the rocket engine. This would consume oxygenin the air and store liquid oxygen when it leaves the atmosphere (Glennand Robinson 72). Hence, there would be significant savingsbecause not as much propellant would be required to make it run. Another idea would be to launch rockets into space using laser beams. Laser Propulsion testing indicates a viable way to reduce money of sendingmen into space. Lastly, the Solar Thermal Propulsion is another ideafor the future of space exploration. This would propel vehicles throughspace and significantly reduces weight, complexity, and money (Glenn andRobinson 104). In conclusion, space exploration in the1990s has contributed a lot to the space age. With many new intelligentastronauts exploring the atmosphere and planets, the planetary scienceskeep growing and growing. In fact, they keep continuing to add newideas and inventions to the field. Also, more and more future ideasare being offered to make great improvements in the study. Hence,the 1990s were a great year for the planetary scientists. However,more new inventions and ideas are still to come.